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견종

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견종의 다양성을 보여주는 1897년의 그림

견종dog breed는 인위적으로 통제된 환경 하에 크기, 모색, 신체 구조, 행동과 같은 표현형을 선별하여 육종해 상대적으로 단일한 신체적 특질을 고정시킨 의 혈통이다.[1] 국제애견협회는 337개의 순수 혈통의 견종을 등록하였다.

세부적인 분류로는 순혈견, 교잡견, 잡종견, 토착견 등이 있다.

최초의 견종[편집]

1833년에 스케치된 썰매개의 종류
고대 이집트의 시각 수렵견 테셈

가정견은 길들여진 최초이자 유일한 대형 육식동물이다. 200년 이상 이전에, 개은 급격한 표현형의 변이를 겪었고 사람이 선별한 품종개량에 의해 현대적인 견종을 형성하였다. 이러한 견종들은 크기와 무게에 있어 스크립트 오류: "convert" 모듈이 없습니다. 정도의 티컵 푸들에서 스크립트 오류: "convert" 모듈이 없습니다. 이상의 대형 마스티프에 이르기까지 다양하다. 골격, 신체, 사지의 비율은 견종에 따라 굉장히 다양하여 육식동물 전체에서 찾아볼 수 있는 것보다 더욱 다양한 표현형을 보여준다. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guarding, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were certainly wolflike, however the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog–wolf genetic divergence away from each other are not known.[2]

In 2017, a study showed that 9,000 years ago the domestic dog was present at what is now Zhokhov Island, arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time. The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is 스크립트 오류: "convert" 모듈이 없습니다. based on thermo-regulation, and the ancient sled dogs were between 스크립트 오류: "convert" 모듈이 없습니다.. The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 ago and in the modern Siberian Husky breed standard. Other dogs were more massive at 스크립트 오류: "convert" 모듈이 없습니다. and appear to be dogs that had been crossed with wolves and used for polar-bear hunting. At death, the heads of the dogs had been carefully separated from their bodies by humans, probably for ceremonial reasons.[3]

Between 3,000-4,000 years ago greyhound-type dogs were depicted on pottery and paintings in Egypt and Western Asia. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred.[4] Most modern dog breeds are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830-1900),[5][6] and the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873 in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.[7]

For early depictions of dogs in art, see early history in art.

Genetic evidence of breeds견종의 유전적 증거[편집]

Ancient dog breeds고대의 견종[편집]

Ancient breed of dogs was a term once used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club,[6] but no longer.[8] These breeds were referred to as "ancient breeds", as opposed to modern breeds because historically it was believed that they had origins dating back over 500 years. In 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically distinct that 99% of individual dogs could be correctly assigned to their breed based on their genotype, indicating that breeding barriers (pure-bred breeding) has led to distinct genetic units. The study identified 9 breeds that could be represented on the branches of a phylogenetic tree which grouped together with strong statistical support and could be separated from the other breeds with a modern European origin. These 9 breeds had been referred to as "ancient breeds", as opposed to the modern breeds. The study found that the Pharaoh Hound and Ibizan Hound were not as old as believed but had been recreated from combinations of other breeds, and that the Norwegian Elkhound grouped with the other European dogs despite reports of direct Scandinavian origins dating back 5,000 years.[9]

Dog types개의 종류[편집]

1547년 경의 "다섯 종류의 개들".
See further: 개의 종류

현대적인 견종의 확산은 대부분이 The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830–1900).[5][6] In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds.[10]

The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9 ‘ancient breeds’ to be genetically divergent, the study found 13 breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the Basenji, Saluki, Afghan hound, Samoyed, Canaan dog, New Guinea singing dog, dingo, Chow Chow, Chinese Shar Pei, Akita, Alaskan malamute, Siberian husky and American Eskimo dog. Results also indicated that the Basenji had recent admixture with Middle Eastern wolves.[10]

The study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. The three groups were

기반 품종[편집]

2012년에 In 2012, a study looked at 49,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 1,375 dogs representing 35 breeds, 19 wolves, and previous published genetic signatures of other breeds, giving a total of 121 breeds covered. 연구는 구세계와 신세계의 늑대 사이의 깊은 유전적인 단절을 발견했고, 2010년의 연구의 13개의 혈통의 유전적 분기에 , 피니시 스피츠, 시바견의 세 개가 더 존재한다는 것을 입증했다. The study found a deep genetic split between old-world and new-world wolves, and confirmed the genetic divergence of 13 breeds from a 2010 study plus another 3: the Eurasier, Finnish Spitz and Shiba Inu. The study referred to these 16 as Basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence but not all of them were historically considered to be "ancient breeds".

The 2012 study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. The study indicated that throughout history, global dog populations experienced numerous episodes of diversification and homogenization, with each round further reducing the power of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history.

Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the very recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past. If those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. The combination of introgression and past population bottlenecks suggested that basal breeds have little or no genetic connections to their ancestral populations and that their genetic distinctiveness does not signify ancient heritage. They are distinctive from the modern breeds because the genetic heritage of the modern breeds has become blurred due to admixture, and the basal breeds have mostly avoided admixture with them due to geographic or cultural barriers.[11]

의학적 연구[편집]

As dogs are a subspecies but their breeds are distinct genetic units, and because only certain breeds share the same type of cancers as humans, the differences in the genes of different breeds may be useful in human medical research.[12]

견종의 기질[편집]

In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, may be linked to gene mutations. Other temperaments may be due to the legacies of 'ancient' ancestry.[13]

혈통[편집]

개의 형태적인 변형을 보여주는 모음사진

순혈[편집]

켄넬 클럽[편집]

벨지안 셰퍼드의 네 변종이 뉴질랜드켄넬클럽에 다른 종으로 등록되었다.
치와와 잡종견과 순종 그레이트 데인

Groups of owners that have dogs of the same breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry (or studbook), and issue the rules for conformation dog shows and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents.

A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics.[14] Dogs of a specific breed breed true, producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.[15] Such records, called stud books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.

켄넬 클럽은 각각의 견종을 구분지어주지만, 클럽에 따라 그러한 구분은 달라지며, 때때로 과학적인 기준을 채용할 필요가 없다.Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply scientific standards. Four varieties of the Belgian Shepherd Dog are recognised as four distinct breeds by the New Zealand Kennel Club.[16] Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the feist is a hunting dog raised in the Southern United States for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other dog types and breeds. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one breed of feist, the Treeing Feist, while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any feist breed.

A dog is said to be purebred if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. Purebred dog breeders of today "have inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at the very least, a bit anachronistic in light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a pretty blatant misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable."[17] Morally questionable policies regarding purity of breed include obligatory surgical procedures to spay or neuter animals in numerous contexts. The American Kennel Club, for instance, allows mixed-breed dogs to be shown but requires these animals to be altered. It doesn't make such requirements for purebred dogs. California Assembly Act AB 1634 was a bill introduced in 2007 that would require all non-working dogs of mixed breed over the age of 6 months to be neutered or spayed.[18] The bill was morally controversial, leading the American Kennel Club to fight the bill.[19]

The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds".[20]

품종 표준[편집]

견종을 구분하는 품종 표준은 그러한 혈통의 개의 이상적인 외양과 행동에 관한 뚜렷하고 구체적인 "word picture"를 제시한다.[21] . 품종 표준의 묘사에 포함되어 있는 것은 품종 클럽이 해당 견종에 있어 제일 중요하다고 말하는 외부적으로 판단할 수 있는 외양과 행동, 품종 클럽이 용인할 수 없다고 말하는 외양이나 성질 (결함이라 불린다.)Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called faults). In addition, most breed standards include a historical section, describing the place of origin and the original work done by the breed or its ancestor types.

Major registries[편집]

Dogs with a breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds include the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (covering 84 countries), The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club, the United Kennel Clubs International, the Australian National Kennel Council the New Zealand Kennel Club, and other national registries. The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a group. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries.

건강 문제[편집]

순혈견은 잡종견보다 건강 문제가 더 많고, 수의사와 더 자주 만나야 하며,[22] 단명하는 경향이 있다.[23][24] 관련 연구는 순혈견의 수명이 잡종견보다 1~2년 정도 짧다고 보고했다.[25][26] 특히 얼굴이 납작하고 코가 짧은 개들이 호흡 곤란,[27] 눈 문제와 다른 건강 문제를 겪는다.[28]

순종의 목록[편집]

세계애견연맹은 400종 이상의 견종을 등록하였다.

견종의 목록을 참고하자.

Cross-breeds[편집]

A dog crossbreed is the result of mating two different breeds.[29]

Mixed-breeds[편집]

A mixed breed is the result of mating different breeds.[30] A mixed-breed, mutt or mongrel is a dog that is not the result of artificial selection.[31]

Natural breeds[편집]

Natural breeds rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species.[32] This environment included humans but with little or no selective breeding by humans.[33]

See further: Landraces

Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds견종으로 착각되곤 하는 개의 그룹[편집]

Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed. Examples include the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the feist dogs of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs.[34]

목록[편집]

사진[편집]

각주[편집]

  1. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  2. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  3. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  4. Clutton-Brock, J., 1995. Origins of the dog: domestication and early history. In:Serpell, J. (Ed.), The Domestic Dog, its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16-20
  5. 5.0 5.1 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  7. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  8. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  9. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  11. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  12. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  13. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  14. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  15. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  16. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  17. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  18. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  19. http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/CA_action_center.cfm
  20. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  21. American Kennel Club Glossary
  22. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  23. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  24. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  25. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  26. 스크립트 오류: "Citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  27. How fashion has left this dog gasping for air
  28. Vets warn people against buying 'flat-faced' dogs
  29. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  30. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  31. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  32. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  33. Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. Dogs. Scribner 2001, 모듈:Citation/CS1/styles.css 문서에 내용이 없습니다.스크립트 오류: "Catalog lookup link" 모듈이 없습니다.스크립트 오류: "check isxn" 모듈이 없습니다., Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction"
  34. 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.

참고문헌[편집]

  • 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
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  • 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
  • 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.

외부 링크[편집]

틀:Dog nav 틀:Pastoral dogs

모듈:Authority_control 1173번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).


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