루시어

다른 뜻에 대해서는 루시어 (동음이의) 문서를 참조하십시오.

루시어(luthier LOO-ti-ər)는 넥과 울림통이 있는 현악기를 제작, 수리하는 장인이다. 단어 "luthier"는 류트(lute)를 의미하는 프랑스어 단어 "luth"에서 유래했다. 이 단어는 원래 류트 제작가를 지칭하는 데 쓰였지만, 바이올린, 비올라, 첼로, 더블 베이스 등의 바이올린족 악기, 기타류 따위의 대부분의 찰현악기와 발현악기 제작가를 의미하게 되었다. 하지만 하프, 피아노는 현이 악기의 틀 안에 담겨있기 때문에 다른 방식의 제작 기법을 요구하므로 제작가들이 루시어라고 불리지는 않는다.

루시어의 공예는 루시에리(lutherie, 드물게, 주로 바이올린족 외의 경우 luthiery)라고 불리는데, 크게 활로 연주하는 현악기 제작가(:en:Violin making and maintenance), 뜯거나 튕기는 현악기 제작가의 두 부류로 나뉜다. 찰현악기는 활이 필요하기 때문에, 활 제작가(:en:bow maker)혹은 아키티어(archetier)라 불리는 하위 직군이 존재한다. 루시어는 도제 방식, 혹은 강의 방식으로 현악기 제작을 교육하기도 한다.

Plucked strings

류트

Oud luthier on Mohamed Ali Street in Cairo, Egypt

주요 류트족 (류트, 테오르보(en:theorbo), 비우엘라(en:Vihuela) 등등) 루시어는 다음과 같다:

• Tieffenbrucker family
• 마틴 호프만(:en:Martin Hoffmann (luthier))
• Matteo Sellas

기타

A luthier building classical guitars in Madrid, Spain

American guitar luthier Robert Benedetto in his studio (c. 1976)

이 부분에 대한 추가 정보는 클래식 기타 제작, 기타 제작사 목록에서 보실 수 있습니다.

Two important luthiers of the early 19th century connected with the development of the modern classical guitar are Louis Panormo and Georg Staufer. Antonio Torres Jurado is credited with developing the form of classical guitar still in use today. Christian Frederick Martin of Germany developed a form that evolved into the modern steel-string acoustic guitar.

The American luthier Orville Gibson specialized in mandolins, and is credited with creating the archtop guitar. The important 20th-century American luthiers John D'Angelico and Jimmy D'Aquisto made archtop guitars. Lloyd Loar worked briefly for the Gibson Guitar Corporation making mandolins and guitars. His designs for a family of arch top instruments (mandolin, mandola, guitar, et cetera) are held in high esteem by today's luthiers, who seek to reproduce their sound. Paul Bigsby's innovation of the tremolo arm for archtop and electric guitars is still in use today and may have influenced Leo Fender's design for the Stratocaster solid-body electric guitar, as well as the Jaguar and Jazzmaster. Concurrent with Fender's work, guitarist Les Paul independently developed a solid-body electric guitar. These were the first fretted, solid-body electric guitars—though they were preceded by the cast aluminum "frying pan", a solid-body electric lap steel guitar developed and eventually patented by George Beauchamp, and built by Adolph Rickenbacher. A company founded by luthier Friedrich Gretsch and continued by his son and grandson, Fred and Fred, Jr., originally made banjos, but is more famous today for its electric guitars. Vintage guitars are often sought by collectors.

Bowed strings

An engraver's impression of Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument

Contemporary luthier varnishing a violin

이 부분에 대한 추가 정보는 Violin construction and mechanics, Violin making and maintenance에서 보실 수 있습니다.

Bowed instruments include: cello, crwth, double bass, erhu, fiddle, hudok, morin khuur, nyckelharpa, hurdy-gurdy, rabab, rebec, sarangi, viol (viola da gamba), viola, viola da braccio, viola d'amore, and violin.

The purported "inventor" of the violin is Andrea Amati. Amati was originally a lute maker, but turned to the new instrument form of violin in the mid-16th century. He was the progenitor of the famous Amati family of luthiers active in Cremona, Italy until the 18th century. Andrea Amati had two sons. His eldest was Antonio Amati (circa 1537–1607), and the younger, Girolamo Amati (circa 1561–1630). Girolamo is better known as Hieronymus, and together with his brother, produced many violins with labels inside the instrument reading "A&H". Antonio died having no known offspring, but Hieronymus became a father. His son Nicolò (1596–1684) was himself an important master luthier who had several apprentices of note, including Antonio Stradivari (probably), Andrea Guarneri, Bartolomeo Pasta, Jacob Railich, Giovanni Battista Rogeri, Matthias Klotz, and possibly Jacob Stainer and Francesco Rugeri. It is even possible Bartolomeo Cristofori, later inventor of the piano, apprenticed under him (although census data does not support this, which paints this as a possible myth).

Gasparo Duiffopruggar of Füssen, Germany, was once incorrectly credited as the inventor of the violin. He was likely an important maker, but no documentation survives, and no instruments survive that experts unequivocally know are his.

Gasparo da Salò of Brescia (Italy) was another important early luthier of the violin family. About 80 of his instruments survive, and around 100 documents that relate to his work. He was also a double bass player and son and nephew of two violin players: Francesco and Agosti, respectively.

Da Salò made many instruments and exported to France and Spain, and probably to England. He had at least five apprentices: his son Francesco, a helper named Battista, Alexander of Marsiglia, Giacomo Lafranchini and—the most important—Giovanni Paolo Maggini. Maggini inherited da Salò's business in Brescia. Valentino Siani worked with Maggini. In 1620, Maggini moved to Florence.

Luthiers born in the mid-17th century include Giovanni Grancino, Vincenzo Rugeri, Carlo Giuseppe Testore, and his sons Carlo Antonio Testore and Paolo Antonio Testore, all from Milan. From Venice the luthiers Matteo Goffriller, Domenico Montagnana, Sanctus Seraphin, and Carlo Annibale Tononi were principals in the Venetian school of violin making (although the latter began his career in Bologna). Carlo Bergonzi (luthier) purchased Antonio Stradivari's shop a few years after the master's death. David Tecchler, who was born in Austria, later worked in both Venice and Rome.

Important luthiers from the early 18th century include Nicolò Gagliano of Naples, Italy, Carlo Ferdinando Landolfi of Milan, and Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, who roamed throughout Italy during his lifetime. From Austria originally, Leopold Widhalm later established himself in Nürnberg, Germany.

The early 19th-century luthiers of the Mirecourt school of violin making in France were the Vuillaume family, Charles Jean Baptiste Collin-Mezin, and Collin-Mezin's son, Charles Collin-Mezin, Jr., Honore Derazey, Nicolas Lupot, Charles Macoutel, Charles Mennégand, and Pierre Silvestre. Nicola Utili (also known as Nicola da Castel Bolognese) (Ravenna, Italy, March 1888 – May 1962), beside traditional lute works, experimented the making of "pear-shaped" violins.

The Jérôme-Thibouville-Lamy firm started making wind instruments around 1730 at La Couture-Boussey, then moved to Mirecourt around 1760 and started making violins, guitars, mandolins, and musical accessories.

참고 문서

• 루시어 목록(en:List of luthiers)
• 분류:루시어리 참고문헌(en:Category:Lutherie reference books)
• 파라초 데 베두즈코(en:Paracho de Verduzco)

참고 문헌

• Historical Lute Construction by Robert Lundberg, Guild of American Luthiers (2002)
• The Complete Luthier's Library. A Useful International Critical Bibliography for the Maker and the Connoisseur of Stringed and Plucked Instruments. Bologna, Florenus Edizioni 1990.
• Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms. R.M. Mottola 2020.
• Guild of American Luthiers
• Guitar Museum Classical Guitar Museum, (UK)
• Luthier Interviews Guitarbench.com archive of Luthier Interviews.
• The Consortium of Violinmakers "Antonio Stradivari" CREMONA
• Luthiers Forum A large online lutherie community. Educational.
• Contemporary violin makers from China and Taiwan
• Il Liutaio – Origine e costruzione del violino e degli strumenti ad arco moderni, by Angeloni Domenico, legatura tela edit. fig., pp. XXVI-558 con 176 figure e 33 tavole, Milano, HOEPLI, 1923
• The secrets of Stradivari by Simone F. Sacconi, Libreria del Convegno in Cremona, Cremona, 1972 Simone Fernando Sacconi

틀:기타 틀:목공

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