에오시미아스
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| 화석 범위: 에오세 중-후기 45–35백만년 전 | ||||||||||||||||||
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 에오시미아스(Eosimias)의 복원도 | ||||||||||||||||||
생물 분류
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에오시미아스(Eosimias)는 1999년,중국 장쑤성에서 발견되어, 같은해 기술된 초기 영장류이다. 에오시미아스는 에오시미아스과의 모식속이며, 에오시미아스속에는 에오시미아스 시넨시스(Eosimias sinensis),에오시미아스 센테니쿠스(Eosimias centennicus), 에오시미아스 다소내라는 3종이 속한다.[1] 에오시미아스는 우리에게 모든 직비원류에 속하는 영장류의 공통 조상과 가까운 영장류의 골격을 알 수 있게 해준다. 에오시미아스의 학명의 의미는 새벽의 원숭이라는 뜻이다.[4]
연대 측정을 통해 에오시미아스는 에오세 중기인 4500만년전 부터, 4000만년전까지 살았던 것이 입증되었다.[4] 에오시미아스는 고유한 특성과 파생된 특성을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 이는 진원류와 원원류(특히 안경원숭이하목의 계통발생적 위치) 사이의 계통발생적 관계에 대한 새로운 통찰력을 제공한다. It can best be described as a likely tree dweller that relied on a steady diet of insects and nectar.
Most eosimiid species are documented by unique or fragmentary specimens. This, as well as the strong belief that simians originated in Africa has made it difficult for many[who?] to accept the idea that Asia played a role in early primate evolution. Although some continue to challenge the anthropoid resemblances found in Eosiimidae, extensive anatomical evidence collected over the past decade substantiates its anthropoid status.[citation needed]
Eosimias sinensis Eosimias sinensis (Chinese: 中华曙猿, lit. 'dawn monkey of China') was first discovered in China in 1992 by Christopher Beard. It was found in a mountain near Liyang City, Jiangsu province, China.
The species is believed to have lived 45 million years before present, in the Eocene epoch.[5] E. sinensis was tiny, as small as the smallest monkey presently, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) of South America, and could fit in the palm of a human's hand.[6] Its teeth are considered more primitive than those of early higher primates known from Africa, including Algeripithecus. Due to its highly primitive nature, some paleontologists consider E. sinensis to be evidence that higher primates may have originated in Asia rather than Africa.[5]
Christopher Beard was the lead member of the team that discovered Eosimias sinensis in 1994. Beard recovered a right mandible, cataloged as IVPP V10591, which preserved P4–M2 and roots or alveoli for C1, P2–3, and M3. Although it retains primitive characters such as a small body size (mean estimates range from 67–137 grams (2.4–4.8 oz)) and an unfused mandibular symphysis, it appears to be a primitive simian based on its dental characteristics, including a lower dental formula of 2.1.3.3.[4] Eosimias sinesis has incisors which are vertical and spatulate. These creatures are known primarily from lower jaws and teeth, no cranial remains have been able to indicate whether Eosimias was diurnal or nocturnal.[7]
Eosimias centennicus
Holotype of E. centennicus, Paleozoological Museum of China Eosimias centennicus was found in 1995 while doing fieldwork in the Yuanqu Basin of the southern Shanxi Province in China.[8] Among these recovered fossils is the first complete lower dentition of Eosimias, catalogued as IVPP V11000. All anatomical information yielded from these fossils confirms the anthropoid-like traits found in E. sinensis. Biostratigraphic evidence also suggests these fossils are younger than E. sinensis, which is consistent with the anatomy of eosiimids because the dentition of E. centennicus is slightly more derived than that of E. sinensis.[8] This species was also found to be a very tiny primate, with mean estimates of body mass ranging from 91 to 179 grams (3.2 to 6.3 oz). E. sinesis was originally described on the basis of fragmentary fossils, but with the discovery of E. centennicus and a complete lower dentition, Eosimias can more definitively be described as an early anthropoid.
Eosimias dawsonae Eosimias dawsonae is the newest of the Eosimias species. It is categorized by the type specimen IVPP V11999, which includes a left dentary fragment and roots of the alveoli. It was collected by Christopher Beard in 1995.[9] Analysis of these remains has led to the conclusion it was the largest of the known species of Eosimias, yielding a body mass ranging from 107 to 276 grams (3.8 to 9.7 oz). Stratigraphic evidence also shows E. dawsonae is older than E. centennicus.
Unidentified fossils Additionally, an expedition team discovered evidence of a new, small eosimiid from Myanmar in 1999. The new specimen, represented by a right heel bone cataloged as NMMP 23, was found in wash residue in the Pondaung Formation.[10] This specimen is very morphologically similar to the Eosimias discovered in the Shanghuang region of China. The best estimate for NMMP 23 includes an overall mean weight of about 111 grams, which places it in the upper-sized end of Eosimias fossils discovered. The presence of eosimiid in Myanmar, as well as a high species diversity found in China leads to an apparent conclusion that they had a relatively wide distribution.[10]
Eosimias paukkaungensis A new species of eosimiid primate, Eosimias paukkaungensis, from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar, was discovered in the early 2000s. The specimen consists of left and right mandibular fragments preserving only the M3, so that its generic status is provisional. The E. paukkaungensis fossil is much larger than homologues of the two Eosimias species from China.[2]
각주[편집]
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