1954년 세계 체스 선수권 대회
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| 디펜딩 챔피언 | 챌린저 |
 | |
 미하일 보트빈니크
|
바실리 스미슬로프
|
| 12 | 12 |
| 1911년 8월 17일 42세 |
1921년 3월 24일 32/33세 |
| 1951년 세계 체스 선수권 대회의 승자 | 1953년 도전자 결정전의 우승자 |
| ← 1951 | 1957 → |
1954년 세계 체스 선수권 대회는 1954년에 열린 세계 체스 선수권 대회로, 미하일 보트빈니크와 바실리 스미슬로프 사이의 매치였다. 1954년 3월 16일부터 5월 13일까지 열렸다. 보트빈니크는 1948년 세계 체스 선수권 대회에서 우승해 세계 챔피언이 되었고, 1951년에 성공적으로 타이틀을 방어했다. 스미슬로프는 1953년 도전자 결정전에서 우승해 세계 선수권 대회에 진출했다.
1952년 인터조날 토너먼트[편집]
스웨덴 스톡홀름에서 1952년 9-10월에 인터조날 토너먼트가 열렸다. 1-8위를 한 선수가 도전자 결정전으로 진출했다.
1952년 인터조날 토너먼트 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 총점 타이브레이크 1 알렉산데르 코토브 (USSR)x ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16½ 2 마르크 타이마노브 (USSR)½ x ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 13½ 125.50 3 티그란 페트로샨 (USSR)½ ½ x ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½ 13½ 125.00 4 틀:나라자료 Soviet Union Efim Geller ([[틀:나라자료 Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]) ½ ½ ½ x ½ 1 0 0 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ 13 5 틀:나라자료 Soviet Union Yuri Averbakh ([[틀:나라자료 Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]) ½ ½ ½ ½ x 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½ 12½ 115.25 6 틀:나라자료 Sweden Gideon Ståhlberg ([[틀:나라자료 Sweden|Sweden]]) ½ ½ ½ 0 1 x 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 ½ 1 12½ 115.00 7 틀:나라자료 Hungary László Szabó ([[틀:나라자료 Hungary|Hungary]]) 0 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 x ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 12½ 114.25 8 틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia Svetozar Gligorić ([[틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]) 0 ½ ½ 1 0 0 ½ x 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 12½ 105.50 9 틀:나라자료 West Germany Wolfgang Unzicker ([[틀:나라자료 West Germany|West Germany]]) 0 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 x ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 11½ 10 틀:나라자료 Argentina Erich Eliskases ([[틀:나라자료 Argentina|Argentina]]) 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ x ½ 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 10½ 11 틀:나라자료 Argentina Herman Pilnik ([[틀:나라자료 Argentina|Argentina]]) 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ x 1 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½ 1 10 93.75 12 틀:나라자료 Czechoslovakia Ludek Pachman ([[틀:나라자료 Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]) ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 x ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 10 92.50 13 틀:나라자료 United States Herman Steiner ([[틀:나라자료 United States|United States]]) ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 0 1 1 ½ x ½ 0 0 1 1 ½ 1 1 10 88.50 14 틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia Aleksandar Matanović ([[틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]) 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ x 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 9 15 틀:나라자료 Hungary Gedeon Barcza ([[틀:나라자료 Hungary|Hungary]]) 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 1 x 1 ½ 0 0 1 ½ 8 16 틀:나라자료 Sweden Gösta Stoltz ([[틀:나라자료 Sweden|Sweden]]) 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 x 0 1 1 ½ 1 7½ 17 틀:나라자료 Colombia Luis Augusto Sánchez ([[틀:나라자료 Colombia|Colombia]]) 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 x ½ 0 1 1 7 18 틀:나라자료 England Robert Wade ([[틀:나라자료 England|England]]) 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 ½ 1 0 ½ x ½ 0 1 6 19 틀:나라자료 Canada Paul Vaitonis ([[틀:나라자료 Canada|Canada]]) 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 0 1 ½ x ½ 0 5 20 틀:나라자료 England Harry Golombek ([[틀:나라자료 England|England]]) 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 ½ x 0 4½ 39.25 21 틀:나라자료 Netherlands Lodewijk Prins ([[틀:나라자료 Netherlands|Netherlands]]) 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 1 1 x 4½ 38.00
Only the top five were supposed to have qualified for a 12-player Candidates Tournament, but four players were tied for fifth place, and since the Sonneborn-Berger tie-break margins were so small, all four were included.[1] The tournament was surrounded by some controversy as the five Soviet players took the top five spots - having drawn every single game amongst themselves, several of them after suspiciously few moves.[1] Originally, the 1952 Interzonal was supposed to have featured 22 players, but Julio Bolbochán of Argentina suffered a hemorrhage and had to withdraw after a first-round adjournment.
1953 Candidates tournament[편집]
The Candidates tournament was held in Zürich, Switzerland, from August to October 1953, with the winner qualifying for the championship match against Botvinnik.
The field consisted of 15 players: The top eight from the 1952 Interzonal, the top five from the previous Candidates Tournament (Bronstein, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Keres, and Najdorf), and the last two players from the 1948 championships not already qualified (Reshevsky and Euwe).
After 22 rounds, Smyslov and Reshevsky were tied for the lead on 13.5 points out of 21, followed by Bronstein on 12.5 and Keres on 12.[2] Smyslov took a decisive lead in the next few rounds:
- In round 23, Kotov defeated Reshevsky while Smyslov had the bye. Bronstein and Keres moved up to 13 points.[2]
- In round 24, Smyslov defeated Keres with black,[2] while Reshevsky drew with Geller[2] and Bronstein also drew.
- In round 25, Smyslov defeated Reshevsky,[2] while Bronstein lost to Geller[3] and Keres had the bye.
So in those three rounds, Smyslov scored 2/2 while Reshevsky scored ½/3. After round 25 the leaders were: Smyslov 15.5 with a game in hand, Reshevsky 14, Bronstein 13.5, Keres 13 with a game in hand. Smyslov drew his five remaining games, beginning with Bronstein in round 26.
Smyslov qualified as challenger by winning the tournament.[4]
# Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total 1 Vasily Smyslov (USSR)xx ½½ 11 ½1 ½½ 11 ½½ ½0 ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ 1½ 11 1½ 18 2-4 David Bronstein (USSR)½½ xx 1½ 11 ½½ ½0 ½½ ½½ 1½ ½½ ½½ 01 1½ ½½ ½½ 16 2-4 Paul Keres (USSR)00 0½ xx ½½ ½1 ½1 ½½ ½½ ½½ 0½ 11 1½ ½1 ½½ 11 16 2-4 
Samuel Reshevsky (USA)½0 00 ½½ xx ½½ ½½ ½½ 10 ½½ ½1 ½1 1½ ½1 11 1½ 16 5 Tigran Petrosian (USSR)½½ ½½ ½0 ½½ xx ½½ 0½ ½½ 00 ½½ ½½ 11 ½1 1½ 11 15 6-7 Efim Geller (USSR)00 ½1 ½0 ½½ ½½ xx 11 ½0 01 ½½ 01 1½ ½1 01 ½½ 14½ 6-7 틀:나라자료 Argentina Miguel Najdorf ([[틀:나라자료 Argentina|Argentina]]) ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ 1½ 00 xx 1½ 1½ ½0 ½½ ½½ ½½ 0½ 11 14½ 8-9 Alexander Kotov (USSR)½1 ½½ ½½ 01 ½½ ½1 0½ xx 10 1½ 00 10 1½ 0½ 01 14 8-9 Mark Taimanov (USSR)½½ 0½ ½½ ½½ 11 10 0½ 01 xx 10 ½½ ½½ ½0 0½ 11 14 10-11 Yuri Averbakh (USSR)½½ ½½ 1½ 0½ ½½ ½½ 1½ 0½ 01 xx ½½ ½½ 0½ 11 00 13½ 10-11 Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR)½½ ½½ 00 ½0 ½½ 10 ½½ 11 ½½ ½½ xx ½0 ½½ ½1 ½½ 13½ 12 틀:나라자료 Hungary Laszlo Szabo ([[틀:나라자료 Hungary|Hungary]]) ½½ 10 0½ 0½ 00 0½ ½½ 01 ½½ ½½ ½1 xx 1½ ½½ 1½ 13 13 틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia Svetozar Gligorić ([[틀:나라자료 Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]) 0½ 0½ ½0 ½0 ½0 ½0 ½½ 0½ ½1 1½ ½½ 0½ xx ½1 11 12½ 14 틀:나라자료 Netherlands Max Euwe ([[틀:나라자료 Netherlands|Netherlands]]) 00 ½½ ½½ 00 0½ 10 1½ 1½ 1½ 00 ½0 ½½ ½0 xx 1½ 11½ 15 틀:나라자료 Sweden Gideon Ståhlberg ([[틀:나라자료 Sweden|Sweden]]) 0½ ½½ 00 0½ 00 ½½ 00 10 00 11 ½½ 0½ 00 0½ xx 8
Allegations of Soviet collusion[편집]
There have been allegations of Soviet collusion in the Candidates tournament. Most sensationally, writing in the early 2000s, David Bronstein alleged that certain players were pressured to ensure Smyslov would win ahead of Reshevsky. He alleged that Keres was pressured to make a quick draw with white in his round 24 game against Smyslov, but that Keres resisted this, but the pressure made him in no fit state to play (and he lost).[2] He also alleged that he (Bronstein) was pressured to make a draw with white against Smyslov in round 26, and he complied by playing the unaggressive Ruy Lopez exchange variation.[3]
Soon after the article emerged, Smyslov replied, criticising the allegations, though Andy Soltis read that as meaning he didn't deny them.[3] Yuri Averbakh said that Bronstein "cannot be 100% objective" on his world championship attempts.[5]
Books[편집]
The tournament is famous for the strength of the players, the high quality of the games, and books on the tournament by participants David Bronstein[6] and Miguel Najdorf that are regarded as among the best tournament books ever written.
1954 Championship match[편집]
Conditions[편집]
The match was played as best of 24 games. If it ended 12-12, Botvinnik, the holder, would retain the Championship.
Match[편집]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | Points | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 틀:나라자료 Soviet Union Mikhail Botvinnik ([[틀:나라자료 Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]) | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 12 |
| 틀:나라자료 Soviet Union Vasily Smyslov ([[틀:나라자료 Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]) | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 12 |
Botvinnik retained the Championship.[7]
References[편집]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1952 Saltsjobaden Interzonal Tournament, Mark Weeks' Chess pages, quoting Chess Review, November 1952, p.322
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
- ↑ 1953 Zurich Candidates Tournament, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
- ↑ 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
- ↑ 스크립트 오류: "citation/CS1" 모듈이 없습니다.
- ↑ 1954 Botvinnik - Smyslov Title Match, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
틀:Chess 틀:World Chess Championships
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